London's infrastructure is a complex mix of historic Victorian engineering and modern technological upgrades.
* **Water and Sewer:** The foundational sewer system was built by Joseph Bazalgette in the 1860s. To prevent raw sewage from overflowing into the Thames during heavy rains, the massive **Thames Tideway Tunnel** (the "super sewer") is currently being completed. Water supply is primarily managed by Thames Water. * **Electricity & Energy:** The city is powered via the National Grid. While historically reliant on coal (which caused the infamous "pea-souper" smogs), London's energy mix is increasingly moving towards renewables and offshore wind generated outside the city. * **Telecommunications:** London has extensive broadband coverage, with a rapid ongoing rollout of full-fiber optic connections. 5G cellular networks cover the vast majority of the Greater London area, supporting the city's tech and finance sectors.
