Nepal has a population of approximately 29.1 million people as of the 2021 census, characterized by a slow but steady growth rate. It is a predominantly young population, though declining birth rates and massive labor out-migration have begun to alter the demographic structure. Millions of Nepali citizens—mostly young men—work abroad in India, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia, significantly impacting the domestic labor force.
The country is a highly diverse, multi-ethnic, and multilingual society. Major ethnic groups include the Khas-Arya (Chhetri and Hill-Brahmin), Magar, Tharu, Tamang, Newar, Kami, Yadav, and Rai, among over a hundred recognized groups. The official language is Nepali, spoken as a first language by roughly 45% of the population, though languages like Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, and Tamang are widely spoken in various regions.
Religion is deeply woven into daily life. Hinduism is the predominant faith, practiced by over 81% of the population. Buddhism (roughly 9%) and Hinduism are intensely syncretic in Nepal, with followers often sharing temples and deities. Islam (4.4%), Kirat (3%), and Christianity (1.4%) make up the remainder of the religious landscape. Education and income levels are rising, though a significant rural-urban divide persists.