Agriculture in Khuzestan is a dual landscape of ancient traditional farming and massive modern agro-industrial complexes. The province benefits from the fertile alluvial soils of the Khuzestan plain and water from the Karun, Karkheh, and Dez rivers.
Khuzestan is widely recognized as the "Sugar Province" due to its vast sugarcane plantations, which supply both sugar and byproducts like molasses and bagasse (used for MDF board production). The province is also Iran's top producer of wheat. Other vital crops include barley, corn, citrus fruits, and exceptionally high-quality dates (especially around Abadan and Shadegan).
Livestock rearing, particularly sheep and goats, is common among the Bakhtiari nomads in the northern foothills. Additionally, fisheries play a role in the coastal and riverine economies, with aquaculture expanding in recent years to support local food production.