Water management is central to the history, culture, and current environmental challenges of Isfahan.
* **Zayanderud (Zayandeh River):** The lifeblood of central Iran, flowing straight through Isfahan city. In recent decades, it has suffered from severe seasonal drying due to drought and upstream water diversion. * **Gavkhouni Wetland:** The terminal basin of the Zayanderud. Historically a vibrant ecosystem for migratory birds, it is now often dry but remains ecologically significant. * **Zayanderud Dam Lake:** A major reservoir providing drinking water and agricultural irrigation, as well as opportunities for boating and fishing in wetter years.
